Preface for Teachers
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Our Emphasis on Wonder, Integration, and Mastery
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Considerations for Science Programming
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Lab Journals and Lab Reports
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Conducting Experiments
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Companion Book and Resource CD
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Notes on Using this Text
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Preface for Students
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Stewarding Our Precious Planet
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Mastery
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Lab Journals
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Chapter 1: Earth in Space
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1.1 An Introduction to Earth Science
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1.1.1 Earth Systems
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1.1.2 Subdivisions of Earth Science
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1.1.3 Further Specializations
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1.2 Earth in the Solar System, Galaxy, and Universe
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1.2.1 Earth in the Solar System
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1.2.2 Earth—A “Just Right” Planet
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1.2.3 Earth in the Galaxy and Universe
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1.3 Earth’s Orbit and the Seasons
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1.3.1 Earth’s Orbit
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1.3.2 Solstices and Equinoxes
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1.3.3 The Tropics and Polar Regions
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1.4 Phases of the Moon
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1.5 Eclipses
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1.5.1 Solar Eclipses
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1.5.2 Lunar Eclipses
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1.6 Calendars
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1.6.1 The Hebrew Calendar
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1.6.2 The Islamic Calendar
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1.6.3 Western Calendars
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Chapter 2: Visualizing Earth
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2.1 Locations on Earth
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2.1.1 Latitude and Longitude
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2.1.2 Satellite Navigation Systems
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2.2 Map Projections and the Shape of Earth
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2.2.1 Map Projections
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2.2.2 The Shape of the Earth
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2.3 Remote Sensing
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2.4 Mapping Earth
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2.4.1 Geographic Information Systems
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2.4.2 Topographic Maps
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2.4.3 Map Margin Information
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2.4.3 Gradient and Percept Slope
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Experimental Investigation 1: Interpreting Topograhic Maps
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Chapter 3: Thinking About Earth
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3.1 The Cycle of Scientific Enterprise in Earth Sciences
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3.1.1 Scientific Facts
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3.1.2 Scientific Theories
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3.1.3 Hypotheses and Scientific Research (Experiments)
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3.1.4 Analysis
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3.2 Experimental Science and Historical Science
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3.3 Challenges in Studying Earth
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3.4 Stewardship of Earth
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3.4.1 Earth Resources
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3.4.2 Sustainability
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3.4.3 The Degradation of Nature
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Chapter 4: Matter and Minerals
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4.1 Atoms Elements, and Crystals
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4.1.1 Atomic Structure
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4.1.2 The Periodic Table of the Elements
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4.1.3 Compounds and Crystals
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4.1.4 Chemical Bonds
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4.2 Minerals
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4.2.1 Definition of Mineral
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4.2.2 Formation of Minerals
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4.2.3 Mineral Groups
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4.2.4 Gems
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4.3 Mineral Properties and Identification
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4.3.1 Luster, Color, and Streak
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4.3.2 Crystal Form, Hardness, Cleavage, and Density
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4.3.3 Other Mineral Properties
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4.4 Mineral Resources
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4.4.1 Ores
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4.4.2 Mines
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4.4.3 Minerals as Nonrenewable Resources
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Experimental Investigation 2: Identifying Minerals
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Chapter 5: Rocks and the Rock Cycle
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5.1 The Rock Cycle
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5.2 Igneous Rocks
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5.2.1 Magma and Lava
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5.2.2 Types of Magma and Lava
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5.2.3 Intrusive and Extrusive Igneous Rocks
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5.2.4 Identifying Igneous Rocks
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5.3 Sedimentary Rocks
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5.3.1 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
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5.3.2 Organic and Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
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5.3.3 Identifying Sedimentary Rocks
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5.4 Metamorphic Rocks
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5.4.1 Contact Metamorphism and Regional Metamorphism
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5.4.2 Identifying Metamorphic Rocks
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5.5 Energy Resources
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5.5.1 Coal
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5.5.2 Petroleum and Natural Gas
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5.5.3 Environmental Concerns with Fossil Fuels
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5.5.4 Alternative Energy Resources
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Experimental Investigation 3: Identifying Rocks
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Chapter 6: Plate Techtonics and Mountain Building
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6.1 Continental Drift
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6.2 The Ocean Floor
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6.2.1 Centental Margins
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6.2.2 Mid-Ocean Ridges
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6.2.3 Seamounts and Marine Sediments
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6.3 Seafloor Spreading
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6.4 Plate Techtonics
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6.4.1 Plate Boundaries
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6.4.2 Tectonic Plate Movements in the Past
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6.5 Mountains
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6.5.1 Folding
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6.5.2 Faulting
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6.5.3 Mountain Building
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Chapter 7: Volcanoes and Earthquakes
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7.1 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
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7.1.1 Volcanism at Divergent Plate Boundaries
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7.1.2 Volcanism at Cnvergent Plate Boundaries
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7.1.3 Volcanism Within Techtonic Plates
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7.2 Volcanoes
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7.2.1 Volcanic Materials
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7.2.2 Types of Volcanoes
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7.2.3 Caldera Eruptions
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7.2.4 Fissure Eruptions
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7.3 igneous Intrustions
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7.4 Earthquakes
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7.4.1 Elastic Deformation
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7.4.2 Faults
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7.4.3 Seismic Waves
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7.4.4 Measuring and Locating Earthquakes
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7.5 Earthquake Damage
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7.5.1 Earthquake Intensity
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7.5.2 Tsunamis
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7.6 The Interior of the Earth
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7.6.1 Crust
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7.6.2 Mantle
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7.6.3 Core
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Experimental Invetigation 4: Studying Volcanoes and Topo Maps
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Chapter 8: Weathering, Erosion, and Soils
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8.1 Mechanical and Chemical Weathering
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8.1.1 Mechanical Weathering
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8.1.2 Chemical Weathering/p>
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8.1.3 Rates of Weathering
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8.2 Erosion
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8.2.1 Agents of Erosion
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8.2.2 Transportation and Deposition
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8.2.3 Differential Weathering and Erosion
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8.3 Soils
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8.3.1 Soil Composition
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8.3.2 Soil Horizons and Profiles
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8.3.3 Formation of Soils
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8.3.4 Soil Types
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8.3.5 Soil Conservation
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Experimental Investigation 5: Modeling Weathering
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Chapter 9: Surface Water and Groundwater
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9.1 The Hydrologic Cycle
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9.2 Streams
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9.2.1 Drainage Networks
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9.2.2 Streamflow in Channels
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9.2.3 Stream Profiles and Base Level
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9.2.4 Erosion and Transport of Sediments by Streams
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9.2.5 Stream Deposition
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9.3 Stream Landforms
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9.3.1 Stream Valleys
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9.3.2 Floods and Floodplains
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9.4 Groundwater
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9.4.1 Porosity and Permeability
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9.4.2 Aquifers
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9.4.3 Springs and Wells
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9.4.4 Groundwater as a Resource
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9.5 Caverns and Groundwater Landforms
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Experimental Investigation 6: The Stream Table
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Chapter 10: Landforms
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10.1 Landforms Caused by Mass Movement
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10.1.1 Variables That Influence Mass Movement
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10.1.2 Types of Mass Movement
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10.2 Desert Landforms
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10.2.1 Streams in the Desert
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10.2.2 Wind Erosion and Transport
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10.2.3 Wind Deposits
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10.3 Glaciers
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10.3.1 Glacial Ice
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10.3.2 Alpine Glaciers
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10.3.3 Ice Sheets
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10.4 Glaciation in Earth’s Past
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10.4.1 Evidence for an Ice Age
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10.4.2 Net The Timing and Worldwide Effects of Glaciation
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Experimental Investigation 7: Studying Glaciers with Topo Maps
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Chapter 11: Unraveling Earth History
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11.1 Geologic Time
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11.1.1 The Development of the Concept of Geologic Time
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11.1.2 Hutton and Lyell
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11.2 Relative Age
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11.2.1 Rock Layers
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11.2.2 Principles of Relative-Age Dating
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11.2.3 Unconformities
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11.2.4 Putting it All Together
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11.3 Fossils
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11.3.1 Types of Preservation
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11.3.2 Trace Fossils
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11.3.3 Uses of Fossils
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11.4 Abolute Dating
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11.4.1 Isotopes and Radioactivity
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11.4.2 Radiometric Dating
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11.4.3 Types of Radiometric Dating
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11.5 Sedimentary Envinonrments
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11.6 An Overview of Earth History
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11.6.1 Divisions of Earth History
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11.6.2 The Precambrian
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11.6.3 The Paleozoic Era
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11.6.3 The Mesozoic Era
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11.6.3 The Cenozoic Era
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Chapter 12: Oceanography
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12.1 The Oceans
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12.1.1 History of Ocean Exploration
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12.1.2 Oceans and Seas
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12.2 Seawater
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12.2.1 Salinity
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12.2.2 Physical Properties of Seawater
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12.3 Currents and Waves
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12.3.1 Ocean Surface Currents
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12.3.2 Waves
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12.4 Tides
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12.5 Marine Life
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12.5.1 Types of Marine Organisms
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12.5.2 Basic Requirements for Ocean Life
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12.5.3 Ocean Environments
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12.5.4 Ocean Food Resources
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12.6 Shorelines
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12.6.1 Erosional Landforms along Coastlines
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12.6.2 Depositional Landforms along Coastlines
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12.6.3 Humans and Coastlines
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Chapter 13: The Atmosphere
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13.1 The Composition and Structure of Earth’s Atmosphere
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13.1.1 Compositin of the Atmosphere
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13.1.2 Layers in the Atmosphere
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13.2 Properties of the Atmophsere
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13.2.1 Temperature
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13.2.2 Atmospheric Pressure
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13.2.3 Wind
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13.2.4 Humidity
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13.2.5 Precipitation
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13.3 Energy and Water in the Atmosphere
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13.3.1 Solar Radiation and transfers of Energy
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13.3.2 Evaporation, Condensation, and Energy
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13.4 Circulation of the Atmosphere
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13.4.1 Global Wind Systems
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13.4.2 Jet Streams
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Chapter 14: Weather
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14.1 Clouds and Precipitation
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14.1.1 Formation of Clouds
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14.1.2 Types of Clouds
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14.1.3 Precipitation
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14.2 Air Masses and Fronts
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14.2.1 Air Masses
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14.2.2 Fronts
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14.2.3 Weather Maps
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14.3 Weather Forecasts
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14.3.1 Making a Basic Weather Forecast
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14.3.2 Analog Weather Forecasting
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14.3.3 Numerical Weather Forecasting
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14.4 Severe Weather
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14.4.1 Thunderstorms, Severe Weather, and Tornadoes
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14.4.2 Tornadoes
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14.4.3 Hurricanes
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Experimental Investigation 8: Weather Maps
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Chapter 15: Climate and Air Pollution
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15.1 Climate
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15.1.1 Climate Charts
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15.1.2 Factors that Determine Climate
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15.2 Classification of Climates
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15.2.1 The Køppen Climate-Classification System
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15.2.2 A Closer Look at the Climate Groups
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15.2.3 Weather Extremes
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15.3 Climate Change
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15.3.1 Natural Climate Changes
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15.3.2 Human-Caused Climate Change
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15.4 Air Pollution
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15.4.1 Air Pollutants
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15.4.2 Factors that Affec Air Pollution
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15.4.3 Indoor Air Pollution
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Glossary
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Appendix
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Minerals
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References
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Image Credits
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Index
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Centripetal Press is pleased to announce the arrival of Planet Earth: Land, Water, Sky, our new earth science text for middle school!
