Preface for Teachers
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Preface for Students
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Chapter 1: The Nature of Scientific Knowledge
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1.1 Modeling Knowledge
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1.1.1 Kinds of Knowledge
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1.1.2 What is Truth and How Do We Know It?
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1.1.3 Propositions and Truth Claims
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1.1.4 Truth and Scientific Claims
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1.1.5 Truth vs. Facts
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1.2 The Cycle of Scientific Enterprise
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1.2.1 Science
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1.2.2 Theories
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1.2.3 Hypotheses
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1.2.4 Experiments
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1.3 The Scientific Method
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1.3.1 Conducting Reliable Experiments
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1.3.2 Experimental Variables
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1.3.3 Experimental Controls
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Did You Know… Double-blind Experiments
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Did You Know… The Davy Safety Lamp
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Chapter 2: Motion and the Medieval Model
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2.1 Computations in Physics
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2.1.1 MKS Units
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2.1.2 Dimensional Analysis
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2.1.3 Accuracy and Precision
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Did You Know… Defining Base Units
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2.1.4 Significant Digits
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2.1.5 Scientific Notation
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2.1.6 Problem Solving Methods
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2.2 Motion
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2.2.1 Velocity and Uniform Acceleration
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The Universal Problem Solving Method
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2.2.2 Velocity, Acceleration, and Slope
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2.2.3 Graphical Analysis of Motion
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2.3 The Medieval Model of the Heavens
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2.3.1 The Ptolemaic Model
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2.3.2 The Ptolemaic Model and Church Theology
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2.4 The Copernican Revolution
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2.4.1 Copernicus and Tycho
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2.4.2 Kepler and the Laws of Planetary Motion
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2.4.3 Galileo
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2.4.4 Newton, Einstein, and Gravitational Theory
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Did You Know… William Hershel’s monster telescope
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Did You Know… Saturn
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Chapter 3: Newton’s Laws of Motion
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3.1 Matter, Inertia, and Mass
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3.2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
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3.2.1 The Three Laws of Motion
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3.2.2 Actions and Reactions
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3.2.3 Showing Units of Measure in Computations
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3.2.4 Weight
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Thinking About Newton’s Laws of Motion
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3.2.5 Applying Newton’s Laws of Motion
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3.2.6 How a Rocket Works
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Did You Know… Proving elliptical orbits
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Chapter 4: Variation and Proportion
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4.1 The Language of Nature
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4.2 The Mathematics of Variation
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4.2.1 Independent and Dependent Variables
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4.2.2 Common Types of Variation
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4.2.3 Normalizing Exercises
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Chapter 5: Energy
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5.1 What is Energy?
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5.1.1 Defining Energy
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5.1.2 The Law of Conservation of Energy
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5.1.3 Mass-Energy Equivalence
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5.2 Energy Transformations
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5.2.1 Forms of Energy
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5.2.2 The Energy Trail
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5.2.3 The Effect of Friction on a Mechanical System
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5.2.4 Energy “Losses” and Efficiency
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5.3 Calculations With Energy
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5.3.1 Gravitational Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy
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5.3.2 Work
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5.3.3 Applying Conservation of Energy
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5.3.4 Conservation of Energy Problems
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Did You Know… Nuclear energy calculations (Just for fun!)
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5.3.5 Energy in the Pendulum
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Did You Know… Dark energy
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Chapter 6: Heat and Temperature
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6.1 Measuring Temperature
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6.1.1 Temperature Scales
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6.1.2 Temperature Unit Conversions
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6.2 Heat and Heat Transfer
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6.2.1 How Atoms Possess Energy
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6.2.2 Internal Energy and Thermal Energy
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Did you know… How fast are air molecules moving?
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6.2.3 Absolute Zero
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6.2.4 Thermal Equilibrium
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6.3 Heat Transfer Processes
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6.3.1 Conduction
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6.3.2 Convection
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6.3.3 Radiation
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6.4 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
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6.5 Thermal Properties of Substances
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6.5.1 Specific Heat Capacity
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6.5.2 Thermal Conductivity
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6.5.3 Heat Capacity vs. Thermal Conductivity
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Did You Know… The temperature in outer space
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Chapter 7: Waves, Sound, and Light
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7.1 Describing Waves
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7.1.1 What is a Wave?
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7.1.2 Categorizing Waves
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7.2 Wave Calculations
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7.2.1 Velocity, Frequency, and Wavelength
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7.2.2 The Wave Period
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7.3 Wave Interactions
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7.3.1 Reflection
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7.3.2 Refraction
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7.3.3 Dispersion
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7.3.4 Diffraction
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7.3.5. Resonance
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7.3.6 Interference
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7.4 Sound Waves
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7.4.1 Variations in Air Pressure
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7.4.2 Frequencies of Sound Waves
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Did You Know… Dampening resonances in skyscrapers
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7.4.3 Loudness of Sound
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7.4.4 Connections Between Scientific and Musical Terms
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7.4.5 Harmonics and Timbre
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7.5 Electromagnetic Waves and Light
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7.5.1 Light as Waves of Electromagnetic Fields
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7.5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Did You Know… Sonic book photography
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Chapter 8: DC Circuits
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8.1 The Amazing History of Electricity
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8.1.1 Early Investigations
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8.1.2 The Electricity-Magnetism Connection
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8.2 Charge and Static Electricity
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8.2.1 Electric Charge
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8.2.2 Static Electricity
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Did You Know… Plasmas
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8.3 Electric Current and Circuits
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8.3.1 Current
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Did You Know… The first color photograph
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8.3.2 Why Electricity Flows so Easily in Metals
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8.3.3 The Water Analogy
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8.3.4 The Basic DC Electric Circuit
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8.3.5 Two Secrets
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8.3.6 Electrical Variables and Units
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8.4 Relations Between Variables and Circuits
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8.4.1 Ohm’s Law
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8.4.2 What Exactly Are Resistors and Why Do We Have Them?
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8.4.3 Through? Across? In?
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8.4.4 Voltages Are Relative
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8.4.5 Power in Electrical Circuits
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8.5 Multi-Resistor Circuits
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8.5.1 Two-Resistor Circuits
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8.5.2 Equivalent Resistance
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8.5.3 Significant Digits in Circuit Calculations
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8.5.4 Larger Circuit Networks
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8.6 Solving DC Circuits
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8.6.1 Kirchoff’s Laws
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Did You Know… Rectifiers and inverters
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8.6.2 Putting it all Together to Solve DC Circuits
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Did You Know… The War of Currents
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Chapter 9: Fields and Magnetism
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9.1 Three Types of Fields
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9.2 The Laws of Magnetism
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9.2.1 Ampere’s Law
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9.2.2 Faraday’s Law of Magnetic Induction
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9.2.3 The Right-Hand Rule
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9.3 Magnetic Devices
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9.3.1 Solenoids
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9.3.2 Motors and Generators
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9.3.3 Transformers
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Did you know… Transformers
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Chapter 10: Substances
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10.1 Review of Some Basics
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10.2 Types of Substances
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10.2.1 Elements
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10.2.2 Compounds
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10.2.3 Heterogeneous Mixtures
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10.2.4 Homogeneous Mixtures
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10.3 Solubility
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Did you know… Carbon Structures
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10.4 Phases and Phase Transitions
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10.4.1 The Phases of Matter
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10.4.2 Evaporation
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10.4.3 Sublimation
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Did You Know… Triple point
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10.5 Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
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10.5.1 Physical Properties
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10.5.2 Chemical Properties
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10.5.3 Physical and Chemical Changes
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Chapter 11 Historical Atomic Models
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11.1 The History of Atomic Models
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11.1.1 Early Models
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11.1.2 Dalton’s Model
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11.1.3 Modern Atomic Experiments
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11.2 Density
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Chapter 12: The Bohr and Quantum Atomic Models
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12.1 The Bohr Model
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12.1.1 Bohr’s Planetary Model
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12.1.2 Atomic Spectra
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12.2 The Quantum Model
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12.2.1 Quantum Numbers and Orbitals
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Did You Know… Energy transitions in the hydrogen atom
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12.2.2 Electron Configurations
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12.3 Atomic Masses and Isotopes
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12.3.1 Atomic Number, Atomic Mass, and Mass Number
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12.3.2 Isotopes
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Chapter 13: Atomic Bonding
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13.1 Bonds and Valence Electrons
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13.1.1 The Science of Atoms
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13.1.2 The Three Types of Atomic Bonds
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13.1.3 Valence Electrons and Energy Levels
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13.1.4 Goals Atoms Seek to Fulfill
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13.2 Metallic Bonds
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13.3 Ionic Bonds
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13.3.1 Bonding by Electron Transfer
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13.3.2 Valence Numbers and Ionic Compound Binary Formulas
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13.4 Covalent Bonds
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13.4.1 Bonding by Electron Sharing
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13.4.2 Diatomic Gases
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13.5 Hydrogen
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13.6 Polyatomic Ions
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Did You Know… X-ray crystallography
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Chapter 14: Chemical Reactions
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14.1 Chemical Equations
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14.2 Four Types of Chemical Reactions
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14.2.1 Synthesis Reactions
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14.2.2 Decomposition Reactions
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14.2.3 Single Replacement Reactions
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14.2.4 Double Replacement Reactions
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14.3 Balancing Chemical Equations
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14.3.1 Law of Conservation of Mass
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14.3.2 Balancing Chemical Equations
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14.4 Energy in Chemical Reactions
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14.4.1 Activation energy
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14.4.2 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
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14.5 Reaction Rates and Endothermic Reactions
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14.5.1 Catalysts
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14.5.2 Collision Theory
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Appendix A: Conversion Factors, Prefixes, and Physical Constants
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Appendix B: Chapter Objective Lists
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Appendix C: Laboratory Experiments
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Appendix D: Scientists Required for Cumulative Review
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Appendix E: Unit Conversions Tutorial
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Appendix F: References
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Appendix G: Image Credits
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